Energy around us: Premature Nuclear Guest From a Future
To the discoveries that passed ahead of time and affected sufficiently the life of humanity, it is possible with a confidence to deliver the division of a nucleus. Ernest Rutherford yet in 1919 looked after the nuclear reaction and already in the period of 1933…1939 a neutron and the division of a nucleus were discovered. In these years a nuclear physics was born – science that studies properties and interaction of nucleus. This science in future took important position in scientific researches.
The researches of nuclear reactions allowed setting, how the energy is engendered in stars and what way the different chemical elements are appearing as a result of nuclear interaction in stars.
Nuclear reactors that based on the division of a nucleus now produce the huge amount of electric power. The role of nuclear energy in a world will, probably, grow in future.
Euphoria related to the nuclear energy sources gradually passes to the disturbance by large ecological problems that nuclear reactors create. In particular a radio-active contamination of environment grows and the radio-active wastes are accumulated in great numbers. Understanding of many unsolved technological problems related to development of nuclear energy comes to us. There is the impression that a long-expected guest from a future came prematurely. And humanity turned out technologically unprepared to his arrival. For work with energy of future the technologies of the past were used.
How every premature guest is, the nuclear energy needs large attention and respect.
From the fact of existence of proof nucleus, it appears that between his nucleons some forces are acting, which bind them in atomic nucleus. These forces are named nuclear. The energy of nuclear forces and the interaction of nucleons (protons) in atomic nucleus are equal to the energy of bond. A difference between the energy of protons and neutrons in a nucleus and their energy in the
The nuclear forces are characterized by the following properties:
charge independence – the nuclear forces that act between two protons either between two neutrons, or between a proton and a neutron are identical and have not an electric nature;
saturation - every nucleon interact only with the limited amount of nucleons close to him. It follows from the character of dependence of energy of bond and defect of mass from a mass number.
The nuclear forces are attractive.
Nuclear forces are close acting, in other words, they act on the distances evened with the sizes of nucleons.
A difference between the mass of atom, measured in atomic units of mass, and mass number is named the defect of mass.
The nuclear energy is proportional to the mass of body, multiplied on the square of velocity of light E = mc2.
The nuclear reactions are the transformation of atomic nucleus as a result of their interaction with elementary particles or between itself. In most cases in the nuclear reactions two atomic nucleus and two elementary particles take part. One pair (nucleus – particle) is initial, the other - eventual. The energy of bonding of atomic nucleus of some substances is shown in the table 1.
The nuclear reaction is characterized by energy of nuclear reaction. She is equal to the difference of kinetic energies of eventual and initial pairs. The exothermic reaction goes along with the discharging of energy.
A correlation between units of mass and energy is shown in the table 2.
Energy of bond of some nucleus
Chemical element Mass of isotope Energy of bond
of nucleus, MeV
Hydrogen H 1,007825 -
Hydrogen 1H2, 2,014102 2,2241
Hydrogen 1H3, T 3,016049 8,4820
Helium 2He3 3,016022 7,7243
Helium 2H4 4,002603 28,2937
Lithium 3Li6 6,015125 31,9870
Lithium 3Li7 7,016004 39,239
Beryllium 4Be9 9,012186 58,153
Bore 5B10 10,012939 64,744
Bore 5B11 11,009305 76,192
Carbon 6C12 12,000000 92,156
Carbon 6C13 13,003354 97,102
Nitrogen 7N14 14,003074 104,653
Nitrogen 7N15 15,000107 115,485
Oxygen 8O16 15,994915 127,612
Oxygen 8O17 16,999133 121,754
Oxygen 8O18 17,999160 139,789
Correlation between units of mass and energy
1 еV = 1,78х10-
1 kWхh = 4,00х10-
Power equivalent of mass of electron of Me = 9,109х10-
= 5,486х10-
The values of some physical parameter, necessary for understanding of nanosizes, are shown below.
Duration of some processes
Time, for which light passes distance in
Period of vibrations of molecule - 1ps
Period of vibrations of atom - 1 femtos
Time, for which light crosses an atom - 0,003 femtos
Period of vibrations of atomic nucleus - 10-21 s
Time, for which light crosses an atomic nucleus - 10-24 s
Sizes of some elementary particles
Radius of atom of hydrogen -
Radius of proton - 1,2 x10-
Mass of proton - 1,7 x 10-
Mass of electron - 9,1 x 10-
Specific gravity of nuclear substance -
Mass of photon of green light (600 THz), kg – 4,4х10-36
Nuclear power plants are the systems of indirect action. They need double and even more intermediate transformations of energy. The thermal energy of nuclear reaction is transformed into the energy of the steam, this in the turn, is transformed into kinetic energy of macroscopic elements – rotors of steam-turbines and generators. In construction of nuclear systems the massive mobile elements (rotors) are used, that stipulates their high inertia and necessity in periodic maintenance at all time of exploitation.
The linking of high technology of the division of a nucleus and bulk technology of thermo-mechanical energy transformation within a system is the same as to put a horse and a quivering fallow deer in one harness.
By Vasil Sidorov on October 19,
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