Subsequent development of classic macroscopic hydropower engineering is broken by small quantity of the unused hydrological resources and negative influencing of the hydroelectric power stations on an environment. These negative tendencies induced the search of new hydraulic technologies of receipt of electric energy and needed the study of deep processes that flow in solids, liquids and gases on molecular and atomic levels. The got results made a basis for the origin of perspective direction of development of hydro-power engineering – molecular hydro-power engineering. 

Physical bases of molecular hydro-power engineering. Molecular hydro-power engineering studies methods and systems of direct production, transformation, saving and transporting of electric energy, based on the effective use of power properties of molecules, atoms and ions of water and water solutions.

Technologies that are used for construction of the systems of molecular hydro-power engineering carry the name of molecular hydro-power technologies. These technologies are based on the advances of molecular physics and thermodynamics of liquids, electrodynamics and quantum mechanics. Molecular hydro-power engineering deals with renewable energy sources.

Principle of work and chart of construction of the system of molecular hydro-power engineering in a considerable measure are determined by physical and chemical parameters of water. 

Water (oxide of hydrogen) – chemical matter that has a chemical formula H₂O. Its molecule consists of one atom of oxygen and two atoms of hydrogen, bounded by covalent bonds. In ordinary state the water is a liquid, but often meets in the solid state as ice or snow, and in the gaseous state as water steam.

The molecule of water is nonlinear: the atom of oxygen has some greater electro-negativity comparatively with the atoms of hydrogen. It means that the atom of oxygen is characterized by some electro-negativity; in that time the atoms of hydrogen own a certain small positive electric charge. As a result the water is a polar molecule with a certain electric dipole moment. Interaction between dipoles causes the origin of skin-effect on the interface of water and other matters causing, in the turn, the appearance of surface tension. Dipole nature results in formation of hydrogenous bonds that causes an appearance of many specific properties of water, in particular, adhesiveness to other matters. 

Every kernel of atom of hydrogen is related to the central atom by oxygen steam of electrons. Chemists name this electronic steam the covalent chemical bonds. In the molecule of water for these aims only two electrons from six electrons of external electronic shell are used. Other four electrons form two pairs of unbounded electrons. These electrons that surround the atom of oxygen, try to occupy the remote position of one from other with the purpose to decrease the force of pushing away between the clouds of negative charge. Usually it results in formation of tetrahedral architecture, in which angle between electronic pairs and accordingly the angle of bound H-O-H is evened of 109,5⁰. The two unbounded pairs of electrons remain nearer to the atom of oxygen. In the turn, it causes mutual rapprochement of two atoms of hydrogen. As a result the tetrahedral structure is something distorted and the angle of bonding is changed to the value of 104,5⁰. Under the action of these factors a capillary effect appears that causes motion of water against the gravity forces.

Water also is a good universal solvent for many salts, sugars, acids, alkaloids and some hydrophilic gases, in particular, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. 

Clean water has low conductivity, which grows considerably at dissolution of admixtures, for example, sodium chloride, forming the ionized solutions or electrolytes. 

Water has negative electrostatic potential of surface.

Water has also the largest specific heat capacity and high specific heat of vaporization (2250 kJ/kg) that is explicated by the strong hydrogenous bonds between molecules. Energy that is expended for breaking up of water onto oxygen and hydrogen by means of electrolysis exceeds that is used at their recombination.

Chemical elements (lithium, sodium, calcium, potassium and cesium), which have a greater electric positive charge comparatively with hydrogen, force a hydrogen out of compound.

The molecules of water are found in permanent thermal motion and owned kinetic energy. The character of this motion relies on the aggregate state of water.

Kinetic energy of molecules of water in the liquid state practically is equals to their potential energy; therefore motion of molecules is complicated. They oscillate round position of the instantaneous state of equilibrium, which is changed with the time. Thus in a liquid there exist only a neighbor order, in other words, well-organized disposition of only neighbor molecules. Vibrations of molecules in relation to position of the instantaneous state of equilibrium are limited by some volume that is equals to a distance between the neighbor molecules or about of 10^{-10 m. These displacements are jump-like. Energy that is expended on these jumps is used to overcome of forces of interaction with other molecules.}

Classification of technologies and systems of molecular hydro-power engineering.  In accordance with physical principles of receipt of electric power the technologies and systems of molecular hydro-power engineering can be classified as follows:

·        Electrokinetic technologies and systems of molecular hydro-power engineering, which are based on the electrokinetic phenomena, that arise up in the dispersion systems under action of energy of moving water;

·        Magnet hydro-dynamic (MHD) technologies and systems of molecular hydro-power engineering, which are based on a principle of electromagnetic induction – origin of current in an electrolyte that crosses the magnetic lines of force;

·        Hydro-dynamic technologies and systems of molecular hydro-power engineering, based on the use of the forces of surface tension - surplus of energy of particles in the superficial layer of water;

·        Combined technologies and systems of molecular hydro-power engineering for hydro-accumulation and direct production of electric current with the use of Electrokinetic’s Induced Electric Power (EKIP) Technology and Molecular Surface Tension Pumped Storage (STPS) Technology;

·        Accumulators of electric energy, based on Molecular Surface Tension Pumped Electrokinetic’s Loading (STPEL) Technology;

·        Electrodynamics hydraulic molecular methods and devices that are based on transformation of kinetic energy of motion of rapid molecules of water into electric energy by means of the synchronized electrodynamics molecular matrices.

The separate sections of the Next Generation Molecular Hydro-power Engineering Program are stated below:

·        Research and Development of Electrokinetic’s Induced Electric Power (EKIP) Technology with the use of weak streams of water;

·        Creation of Electrokinetic Induced Electric Power (EKIP) Generator;

·        Research and Development of Molecular Surface Tension Pumped Storage (STPS) Technology;

·        Creation of Molecular Surface Tension Pumped Storage (STPS) Generator;

·        Integration of Electrokinetic Induced Electric Power (EKIP) Technology and Molecular Surface Tension Pumped Storage (STPS) Technology for the direct receipt of electric energy;

·        Creation of the Offshore Capillary Pumped Electrokinetic’s Power Plant;

·        Creation of the Seashore Capillary Pumped Electrokinetic’s Power Plant);

·        Creation of the Accumulators of electric energy, based on the Molecular Surface Tension Pumped Electrokinetic’s Loading (STPEL) Technology.

Vasil Sidorov on June 21, 2010 from Technopark QUELTA

Queltanews Office e-mail: sidorovvasil@gmail.com